Module 9Grammar reviewPremium
Estonian in everyday situations
Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.
Täna mängin, homme tulen
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I will come tomorrow. | ||
| I will come tomorrow. | ||
| He/she will play tonight. | ||
| He/she will play tonight. | ||
| We will work on Saturday. | ||
| We will work on Saturday. | ||
| I put the mouthpiece here, past. | ||
| I put the mouthpiece here, past. | ||
| Ten minutes ago. | ||
| Ten minutes ago. | ||
| In ten minutes. | ||
| In ten minutes. | ||
Estonian normally uses a present verb and a time expression for future plans: , , . It does not need a separate ordinary future tense ending for these plans.
Completed past is . is ten minutes ago; is in ten minutes. The first uses a counted partitive phrase; the second has genitive before .
Nägin, kuulsin, leidsin
| Person | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I — saw | ||
| I — saw | ||
| you, familiar singular — saw | ||
| you, familiar singular — saw | ||
| he/she — saw | ||
| he/she — saw | ||
| we — saw | ||
| we — saw | ||
| you, plural/polite — saw | ||
| you, plural/polite — saw | ||
| they — saw | ||
| they — saw | ||
Common completed-past verbs are ; ; . Their present stems are .
Past negatives are . A negative object uses partitive: . is a narrow present-perfect experience form; means has never played like this. Use simple past for the main completed festival sequence.
Algas, kustusid, kukkus
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| The concert started. | ||
| The concert started. | ||
| The lights went out. | ||
| The lights went out. | ||
| Something fell. | ||
| Something fell. | ||
| I went home. | ||
| I went home. | ||
| We came back. | ||
| We came back. | ||
| He/she took a photo. | ||
| He/she took a photo. | ||
Sequence with . A completed event can use , , , . Plural needs plural .
Some past stems use -i-: and . Going is irregular: .
Ei maganud, ei näinud
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Were you there, politely? | ||
| Were you there, politely? | ||
| Were you sleeping? | ||
| Were you sleeping? | ||
| I was not sleeping. | ||
| I was not sleeping. | ||
| He/she saw nothing. | ||
| He/she saw nothing. | ||
| I did not close my eyes. | ||
| I did not close my eyes. | ||
| I have seen it. | ||
| I have seen it. | ||
Past questions can begin : The polite person still uses plural , with no gender change.
Past uses an unchanged -nud form: , , , . The contraction is . Perfect experience uses present plus -nud: . This is distinct from the simple past event .
Kallis Anna
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Dear Anna! | ||
| Dear Anna! | ||
| I will buy a stamp tomorrow. | ||
| I will buy a stamp tomorrow. | ||
| The cat stole the mouthpiece. | ||
| The cat stole the mouthpiece. | ||
| I worked at the café stall. | ||
| I worked at the café stall. | ||
| There was a festival on Saturday. | ||
| There was a festival on Saturday. | ||
| Yours, Lukas. | ||
| Yours, Lukas. | ||
Letters can start or The adjective does not change for the recipient’s gender. is a natural sign-off for either learner.
Choose full or partial objects according to the verb and event: a whole planned stamp, location of an activity, a completed whole object. Present with is a future plan.
Practice 1/6 · Finding words
Notice the useful pattern
Tap the form practised in this unit.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. Ten minutes ago.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. Ten minutes ago.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. You heard the trumpet, polite/plural.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. You heard the trumpet, polite/plural.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. We came back.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. We came back.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. I did not close my eyes.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. I did not close my eyes.
Practice 2/6 · The right form
Mixed person forms 1
Choose the right word for the gap.
Ma Murit.
I saw Muri.
Sa Murit.
You (familiar singular) saw Muri.
Ta Murit.
He/she saw Muri.
Me Murit.
We saw Muri.
Te Murit.
You (polite/plural) saw Muri.
Practice 3/6 · Fill the gaps
Recall the person forms 1
Fill the gaps with the words from the box.
Ma Murit.
I saw Muri.
Sa Murit.
You (familiar singular) saw Muri.
Ta Murit.
He/she saw Muri.
Me Murit.
We saw Muri.
Te Murit.
You (polite/plural) saw Muri.
Practice 4/6 · Building sentences
Build a sentence
Put the words in order.
As Lukas
I am Lukas. Ten minutes ago.
As Lena
I am Lena. Ten minutes ago.
As Lukas
I am Lukas. You heard the trumpet, polite/plural.
As Lena
I am Lena. You heard the trumpet, polite/plural.
As Lukas
I am Lukas. We came back.
As Lena
I am Lena. We came back.
As Lukas
I am Lukas. I did not close my eyes.
As Lena
I am Lena. I did not close my eyes.
As Lukas
I am Lukas. There was a festival on Saturday.
As Lena
I am Lena. There was a festival on Saturday.
I will come tomorrow.
Practice 5/6 · In situations
What would you say?
Choose the right words for the situation.
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. Ten minutes ago.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. Ten minutes ago.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. You heard the trumpet, polite/plural.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. You heard the trumpet, polite/plural.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. We came back.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. We came back.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. I did not close my eyes.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. I did not close my eyes.
You say:
Use the meaning and Estonian pattern explained in this unit.
Practice 6/6 · Matching
Connect messages and meanings
Match the pairs.
Unit complete
