Module 7Grammar reviewPremium

Estonian in everyday situations

Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.

Sajab, on soe, pean

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Person		Meaning
		I — must
I — must
		you, familiar singular — must
you, familiar singular — must
		he/she — must
he/she — must
		we — must
we — must
		you, plural/polite — must
you, plural/polite — must
		they — must
they — must

Weather can use an impersonal third-person verb: , , , , , . A person’s sensation uses or .

Obligation uses plus infinitive: and . means do not have to; means may not. Early is a past-state phrase already supported by past.

Külmem kui, kõige külmem

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		It is colder here than in Hamburg.
It is colder here than in Hamburg.
		The sea is bigger than the lake.
The sea is bigger than the lake.
		It is warmer today.
It is warmer today.
		This cake is better.
This cake is better.
		January is the coldest month.
January is the coldest month.
		You can swim in summer.
You can swim in summer.

A comparative compares two things and often ends in -m. Learn the comparison form with the adjective because its stem can change: , , . In the first and third examples the genitive stem vowel changes to e before -m. Use for than: . Irregular means good/better.

A superlative can use plus comparative: , . The seasons are . Time forms are .

Liiga väike, kõige soojem

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		This is too small.
This is too small.
		I look for a warm jacket.
I look for a warm jacket.
		I take the warm jacket.
I take the warm jacket.
		Can I try it on?
Can I try it on?
		I take this one.
I take this one.
		The jacket suits me.
The jacket suits me.

means too: . means very. is the warmest. An adjective before a noun changes with it: .

Ask to try something with The partitive pronoun refers to a thing. For a whole choice, say ; is the genitive form. means it suits me/you familiar/you polite.

Oskan, ei oska, ei tohi

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Person		Meaning
		I — know how
I — know how
		you, familiar singular — know how
you, familiar singular — know how
		he/she — know how
he/she — know how
		we — know how
we — know how
		you, plural/polite — know how
you, plural/polite — know how
		they — know how
they — know how

A learned ability uses plus the form: , . Negative has the same stem for every person.

is a prohibition: . A rule can use , an impersonal negative chunk meaning the trumpet must not be played. Learn as the corresponding impersonal affirmative; no new person or gender is implied.

Sest, sellepärast

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		I stay at home because it rains.
I stay at home because it rains.
		It rains, so I stay at home.
It rains, so I stay at home.
		If it rains, I take the umbrella.
If it rains, I take the umbrella.
		I get wet.
I get wet.
		I become ill.
I become ill.
		Liis turns ten.
Liis turns ten.

gives a reason: . gives a result: . A simple condition can use present : .

The translative -ks gives a resulting state: , , . Adjectives may change stems: . and are polite request chunks for the raincoat and key.

Practice 1/4 · Finding words

Notice the useful pattern

Tap the form practised in this unit.

As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. You must sleep, polite/plural.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. You must sleep, polite/plural.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. January is the coldest month.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. January is the coldest month.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. I take this one.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. I take this one.
As Lukas
. .
I am Lukas. You know how to sing, polite/plural.
As Lena
. .
I am Lena. You know how to sing, polite/plural.

Practice 2/4 · The right form

Mixed person forms 1

Choose the right word for the gap.

Ma töötama.
I must work.
Sa töötama.
You (familiar singular) must work.
Ta töötama.
He/she must work.
Me töötama.
We must work.
Te töötama.
You (polite/plural) must work.
Nad töötama.
They must work.

Mixed person forms 2

Choose the right word for the gap.

Ma laulda.
I know how to sing.
Sa laulda.
You (familiar singular) know how to sing.
Ta laulda.
He/she knows how to sing.
Me laulda.
We know how to sing.
Te laulda.
You (polite/plural) know how to sing.
Nad laulda.
They know how to sing.

Practice 3/4 · Fill the gaps

Recall the person forms 1

Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

Ma töötama.
I must work.
Sa töötama.
You (familiar singular) must work.
Ta töötama.
He/she must work.
Me töötama.
We must work.
Te töötama.
You (polite/plural) must work.
Nad töötama.
They must work.

Recall the person forms 2

Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

Ma laulda.
I know how to sing.
Sa laulda.
You (familiar singular) know how to sing.
Ta laulda.
He/she knows how to sing.
Me laulda.
We know how to sing.
Te laulda.
You (polite/plural) know how to sing.
Nad laulda.
They know how to sing.

Practice 4/4 · In situations

What would you say?

Choose the right words for the situation.

As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. You must sleep, polite/plural.
You say:
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. You must sleep, polite/plural.
You say:
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. January is the coldest month.
You say:
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. January is the coldest month.
You say:
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. I take this one.
You say:
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. I take this one.
You say:
As Lukas
I am Lukas/Lena. You know how to sing, polite/plural.
You say:
As Lena
I am Lukas/Lena. You know how to sing, polite/plural.
You say:

Unit complete

Estonian in everyday situations

6exercises

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