Finnish in everyday situations · Grammar review

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Finnish in everyday situations

Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.

Saksasta, suomea

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FormExampleMeaning
I am from Germany.
I am from Hamburg.
I speak Finnish.
I speak German.
I am German.
I am an engineer.
Slowly, please.
Once again, please.

asks where you are from. The from-inside ending -sta/-stä gives , . A nationality describes a person: . A profession needs no article: . Language names take partitive after speaking: , .

The alphabet is . Letter names are . Loan words and foreign names may also contain and , called and . and are distinct sounds; long sounds are written twice. and are useful whole expressions.

minulla on, minulla ei ole

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FormExampleMeaning
I have a key.
You have a key.
He/she has a key.
We have a key.
You (plural) have a key.
They have a key.
I do not have a table.
There is a bed in the room.

Finnish possession uses the on/at form of the person and : , , , , , . The verb stays singular. means I have a table. This is different from (I am).

For negative possession say . The thing you do not have uses partitive. This also works for absence: , . The location comes first in this there-is pattern. is a useful nothing expression. Learn early plural , as scene forms; productive plural partitive comes in module 6.

iso sohva, isoa sohvaa

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FormExampleMeaning
The sofa is big.
The lamp is red.
I want a big sofa.
I want a yellow sofa.
The lamp is green.
Nöpö is under the sofa.
This is a blue chair.
The door is small.

The sofa examples already give the noun in the partitive. Choose the adjective form that matches that noun. Later lessons compare descriptions of a whole item and an amount.

An adjective describes a noun. It normally takes the same case and number as the noun: , . The naming form is unchanged for a man or a woman. Do not add gender changes. With a single countable thing as subject, say , .

Keep useful colour forms together: keltainen → keltaista, punainen → punaista, sininen → sinistä, vihreä → vihreää, valkoinen → valkoista, musta → mustaa. Words in -nen use an -s- stem before many endings. Gradation gives pöytä → pöydän, lamppu → lampun. means under the sofa: the owner-like form comes before the place word.

tuolit, pöydän

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FormExampleMeaning
These are the chairs.
These are the doors.
Here is one cup.
Here are two cups.
Here are two chairs.
The lamp is under the table.
Whose table is this?
It is Sanna’s.

Plural naming forms end in -t: tuoli → tuolit, ovi → ovet, pöytä → pöydät. Some stems change, so learn the pair. The genitive ending -n also uses this stem: , . asks whose:

After a number of two or more, use singular partitive: . The form is singular even though the meaning is more than one. After , keep the basic form: . Standard ownership adds the personal ending: . Learn (now let us eat) as a whole invitation; ordinary requests come later.

autan, autat, auttaa

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PersonFormMeaning
I help Aino
You help Aino
He/she helps Aino
We help Aino
You (plural) help Aino
They help Aino

For type 1, remove final -a/-ä: auttaa → autan, with tt → t in the weak forms. Type 2 drops -da/-dä: juoda → juon. Type 3 drops the last two letters and adds -e-: mennä → menen, tulla → tulen. Type 4 changes -ta/-tä to a vowel stem: haluta → haluan.

The person endings are -n, -t, long vowel, -mme, -tte, -vat/-vät. The 3rd person singular is the form for one person or thing being talked about. In this form, type 2 keeps its existing long vowel or diphthong: ends in a diphthong and does not add another vowel. Full model sets for these frequent verbs are ; ; . With ordinary negatives use the first-person stem without -n: , , . The early scene request means come, addressed to both helpers.

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