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Unit 24 · Names and places without initial capitals · Meet

Names and places without initial capitals

Read names in ordinary Mkhedruli.

About this unit

Names of people and places use the same ordinary letters as every other word.

  • There is no capital letter at the start of a name.
  • Read clusters as written: no helper vowel between consonants.

Read the examples

Tap a card and listen. Try saying it too.

Words to read

თბილისი

Tbilisitbilisi

ბათუმი

Batumibatumi

ნინო

Ninonino

გიორგი

Giorgigiorgi
Reading tips

Names use the same ordinary letters as the rest of a sentence. თბილისი begins with a consonant cluster თ + ბ, with no helper vowel.

Reading practice

Sound to spelling

Listen. Choose the spelling.

Spelling to sound

Read the word. Choose its sound.

ბათუმი

Sound to spelling

Listen. Choose the spelling.

Spelling to sound

Read the word. Choose its sound.

გიორგი

Read and decide

Which city name begins with two consonant letters?

Build the word

Listen and build the word in typing order.

Build the word

Listen and build the word in typing order.

Build the word

Listen and build the word in typing order.

Finish practice to save this unit.

You can read and write this

Read names in ordinary Mkhedruli.

Next unit

თბილისი

Tbilisi

ბათუმი

Batumi

ნინო

Nino

გიორგი

Giorgi
Use a Georgian keyboard

The guided course has on-screen letters in logical order. A Georgian keyboard, often with a phonetic Latin-key mapping, is optional. Names and sentences use ordinary Mkhedruli, not a capital first letter. Mtavruli is an all-capital style for whole headings.

All letters

ა
i

a

ე
i

e

ი
i

i

მIn მა
i

ma

ლIn ლა
i

la

ო
i

o

უ
i

u

ნIn ნა
i

na

რIn რა
i

ra

სIn სა
i

sa

ვIn ვა
i

va

ბvoiced b: throat buzzesIn ბა
i

ba. Voiced b.

ფaspirated p: a puff of airIn ფა
i

pa (aspirated). Aspirated p: a puff, not f.

პejective p: tight, poppedIn პა
i

p’a. Ejective p; the apostrophe in the hint marks its release.

დvoiced d: throat buzzesIn და
i

da

თaspirated t: a puff of airIn თა
i

ta (aspirated). Aspirated t, not English th.

ტejective t: tight, poppedIn ტა
i

t’a. Ejective t.

გvoiced g: throat buzzesIn გა
i

ga

ქaspirated k: a puff of airIn ქა
i

ka (aspirated)

კejective k: tight, poppedIn კა
i

k’a

ძvoiced dz, as in “beds”In ძა
i

dza

ცaspirated ts: a puff of airIn ცა
i

tsa (aspirated)

წejective ts: tight, poppedIn წა
i

ts’a

ჯvoiced j, as in “jam”In ჯა
i

ja

ჩaspirated ch: a puff of airIn ჩა
i

cha (aspirated)

ჭejective ch: tight, poppedIn ჭა
i

ch’a

ყejective q: deep, poppedIn ყა
i

q’a. Uvular ejective, made farther back than კ.

ხkh, as in German “Bach”In ხა
i

kha. Voiceless back friction, like ch in German Bach.

ღgh: like kh with a buzzIn ღა
i

gha. Voiced back friction, not a stop g.

ზIn ზა
i

za

ჟIn ჟა
i

zha

შIn შა
i

sha

ჰIn ჰა
i

ha