Italian in everyday situations · Grammar review

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Italian in everyday situations

Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.

Identità e lavoro

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FormExampleMeaning
/ I am an engineer
What do you do? (polite)
Which languages do you speak? (polite)
How do you say...?
How do you spell it?

Use to say who you are and what your job is: , , or . The article can be omitted in a plain profession statement, as in .

Ask for identity and for a job when using polite . With familiar , ask . A simple question can use normal sentence order and question intonation.

Use for languages: . Ask politely or familiarly. Use singular and plural .

To ask for a word or its spelling, learn , and . The last expression asks someone to say it letter by letter.

C'è e ci sono

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FormExampleMeaning
there is
there are
there isn't
there aren't
this

Use for one thing: . Use for several things: . These forms help you describe a room or place.

Put before these expressions to say that something is absent: and .

Use or for something near you: , . For something farther away, use or .

Simple questions include and . Keep the usual word order and change the intonation.

Aggettivi e colori

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FormExampleMeaning
-o / -a / masculine / feminine singular
-i / -e / masculine / feminine plural
/ big / big
/ old
/ small

An Italian adjective often follows its noun: , , . Some common adjectives can come before it too, as in .

Adjectives agree in gender and number. A typical pattern is masculine singular , feminine singular , masculine plural and feminine plural .

Many colours follow the same pattern: and . Other describing words do too: .

Adjectives ending in -e, such as , usually have one singular form for both genders and a plural in -i: , . The colour stays the same.

Plurale e articoli

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FormExampleMeaning
-o → -iil tavolo → i tavolitable → tables
-a → -ela sedia → le sediechair → chairs
-e → -ila chiave → le chiavikey → keys
the (masculine plural)
/ / the (plural)

Many Italian nouns change their final vowel in the plural: masculine -o usually becomes -i, feminine -a usually becomes -e, and -e usually becomes -i: , , .

Articles change too. Use with nouns that take singular : . Use for masculine nouns taking or : , . All feminine nouns use plural : , .

Learn the noun with its article so you remember its gender and plural: , . Some borrowed words stay the same, as in .

You can now describe several objects in the flat: , , , . The related adjective also takes a plural form.

Essere e avere

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FormExampleMeaning
we are
you are
they are
we have
that

Learn all present tense forms of : . Polite also uses . Italian often omits the subject pronoun.

The present forms of are . Polite uses . Examples are and .

Use for this and for that: . The describing form agrees with the noun.

The present tense describes now and regular activities. It can also describe a future plan when a time expression makes the meaning clear. Here, practise it with rooms, objects and people.

Regular present verbs

For regular verbs, remove the infinitive ending and add a person ending. With -are the endings are -o, -i, -a, -iamo, -ate, -ano: . With -ere they are -o, -i, -e, -iamo, -ete, -ono: . With -ire they are -o, -i, -e, -iamo, -ite, -ono: .

Some verbs in -ire add -isc- for the singular and the third-person plural: . Learn with this pattern. Polite uses the third-person singular: . Italian often omits the subject pronoun because the ending tells you who acts.

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it
InfinitiveIYou, familiarHe/she/you, polite
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