Module 9Grammar reviewPremium

Latvian in everyday situations

Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.

Spēlēšu, būšu

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		I will be at home.
I will be at home.
		You will be at home, familiar.
You will be at home, familiar.
		He will be at home.
He will be at home.
		We will be at home.
We will be at home.
		You will be at home, polite.
You will be at home, polite.
		They will be at home.
They will be at home.
		I will not be at home.
I will not be at home.
		You will not be at home, polite.
You will not be at home, polite.

The simple future uses -šu, -si, -s, -sim, -siet or -sit, and -s. With : . We use -siet consistently in this course.

For : . Add for negative future: . Common forms are , I will go; , I will come; , I will travel.

A present plus a future time can describe a firm plan: . Earlier is a travel chunk. The full future is productive from this module.

The future tense describes a planned or predicted later action.

Redzēju, dzirdēju

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		I saw the cat.
I saw the cat.
		You saw the cat, familiar.
You saw the cat, familiar.
		He saw the cat.
He saw the cat.
		We saw the cat.
We saw the cat.
		You saw the cat, polite.
You saw the cat, polite.
		They saw the cat.
They saw the cat.
		I did not see the cat.
I did not see the cat.
		You did not see the cat, polite.
You did not see the cat, polite.

The simple past describes an earlier action. For : . The third person is again shared. Neither masculine nor feminine learners change these finite verb forms.

Regular long-stem verbs use -ju, -ji, -ja, -jām, -jāt, -ja: . Some first-person forms look like the present, so a time word or context matters.

Common shorter verbs must be learned with their past stem: iet → gāju, nākt → nācu, ņemt → ņēmu, ēst → ēdu, dzert → dzēru, atrast → atradu. Negation simply adds . Questions still use . Earlier and were explained whole expressions, not a productive past paradigm.

Gāju, nācu, atradu

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		I went home.
I went home.
		You went home, familiar.
You went home, familiar.
		He went home.
He went home.
		We went home.
We went home.
		You went home, polite.
You went home, polite.
		They went home.
They went home.
·	·	I was tired.
I was tired.
·	·	You were tired, polite.
You were tired, polite.

The simple past describes an earlier action. For : . The third person is again shared. Neither masculine nor feminine learners change these finite verb forms.

Regular long-stem verbs use -ju, -ji, -ja, -jām, -jāt, -ja: . Some first-person forms look like the present, so a time word or context matters.

Common shorter verbs must be learned with their past stem: iet → gāju, nākt → nācu, ņemt → ņēmu, ēst → ēdu, dzert → dzēru, atrast → atradu. Negation simply adds . Questions still use . Earlier and were explained whole expressions, not a productive past paradigm.

Tell a sequence with , first, , then, , after that. Past sound-change forms are normal vocabulary paradigms: , I saw; , I heard; , I found.

For , all persons are . Gender changes only an added adjective such as .

Gulēju, negulēju

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		I was sleeping.
I was sleeping.
		You were sleeping, familiar.
You were sleeping, familiar.
		She was sleeping.
She was sleeping.
		We were sleeping.
We were sleeping.
		You were sleeping, polite.
You were sleeping, polite.
		They were sleeping.
They were sleeping.
		I was not sleeping.
I was not sleeping.
		You were not sleeping, polite.
You were not sleeping, polite.

Latvian simple past can express a completed action or a background activity. can mean I slept or I was sleeping. There is no separate imperfect form needed for this story.

The full past of is . Negative forms add . Compare the action , I closed my eyes.

For an earlier state use with a describing word. means is right; means is not true or is not right. Keep a correction simple.

Nosūtīju Annai

Tap a word to hear itTap a word to hear it and see its meaning
Form	Example	Meaning
		I sent a postcard.
I sent a postcard.
		You sent a postcard, familiar.
You sent a postcard, familiar.
		He sent a postcard.
He sent a postcard.
		We sent a postcard.
We sent a postcard.
		You sent a postcard, polite.
You sent a postcard, polite.
		They sent a postcard.
They sent a postcard.
·	·	I was hungry.
I was hungry.
·	·	You were hungry, polite.
You were hungry, polite.

A short postcard begins and can finish . Dear agrees with Anna; the closing possessive agrees with the learner who signs.

The recipient is dative: . The message is an accusative object: . Full sending past forms are .

Write past events in short sentences and a future plan for the stamp: . At the post office, is enough.

Practice 1/6 · Finding words

Find the module patterns

Tap the form taught in this module.

As Lukas
.
I was tired.
As Lena
.
I was tired.
.
I will be at home.
.
I saw the cat.
.
I went home.
.
I was sleeping.
.
I sent a postcard.
.
You will be at home, familiar.
.
You saw the cat, familiar.

Practice 2/6 · The right form

Choose the form 1

Choose the right word for the gap.

As Lukas
Es biju .
I was tired.
As Lena
Es biju .
I was tired.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Es kaķi.
I saw the cat.
Es mājās.
I went home.
Es .
I was sleeping.
Es pastkarti.
I sent a postcard.
Tu mājās.
You will be at home, familiar.
Tu kaķi.
You saw the cat, familiar.

Choose the form 2

Choose the right word for the gap.

Tu mājās.
You went home, familiar.
Tu .
You were sleeping, familiar.
Tu pastkarti.
You sent a postcard, familiar.
Viņš mājās.
He will be at home.
Viņš kaķi.
He saw the cat.
Viņš mājās.
He went home.
Viņa .
She was sleeping.
Viņš pastkarti.
He sent a postcard.

Choose the form 3

Choose the right word for the gap.

Mēs mājās.
We will be at home.
Mēs kaķi.
We saw the cat.
Mēs mājās.
We went home.
Mēs .
We were sleeping.
Mēs pastkarti.
We sent a postcard.
Jūs mājās.
You will be at home, polite.

Practice 3/6 · Fill the gaps

Complete the messages

Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

As Lukas
Es biju .
I was tired.
As Lena
Es biju .
I was tired.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Es kaķi.
I saw the cat.
Es mājās.
I went home.
Es .
I was sleeping.
Es pastkarti.
I sent a postcard.
Tu mājās.
You will be at home, familiar.
Tu kaķi.
You saw the cat, familiar.
Tu mājās.
You went home, familiar.
Tu .
You were sleeping, familiar.

Practice 4/6 · Building sentences

Put the messages together

Put the words in order.

You sent a postcard, familiar.
He will be at home.
He saw the cat.
He went home.
Now: She was sleeping.
He sent a postcard.
We will be at home.
We saw the cat.
We went home.
Now: We were sleeping.

Practice 5/6 · In situations

Use the patterns

Choose the right words for the situation.

As Lukas
I was tired.
You say:
As Lena
I was tired.
You say:
I will be at home.
You say:
I will be at home.
You say:
I saw the cat.
You say:
I saw the cat.
You say:
I went home.
You say:
I went home.
You say:
I was sleeping.
You say:
I was sleeping.
You say:
I sent a postcard.
You say:
I sent a postcard.
You say:
You will be at home, familiar.
You say:
You will be at home, familiar.
You say:
You saw the cat, familiar.
You say:
You saw the cat, familiar.
You say:

Practice 6/6 · Fill the gaps

One more mixed message set

Fill the gaps with the words from the box.

Mēs pastkarti.
We sent a postcard.
Jūs mājās.
You will be at home, polite.
As Lukas
Es biju .
I was tired.
As Lena
Es biju .
I was tired.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.

Unit complete

Latvian in everyday situations

8exercises

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