Man jāņem lietussargs

Common weather phrases include: Līst lietus, Snieg sniegs, Spīd saule, Pūš vējš. For temperature, Ir silts, it is warm; for your feeling, Man ir auksti, I feel cold.

Obligation uses a dative person and jā- plus the third-person present: man jāņem, tev jāņem, viņam jāņem, viņai jāņem, mums jāņem, jums jāņem, viņiem jāņem. The thing usually stays nominative: Man jāņem lietussargs.

For need plus an infinitive use Man vajag gulēt. For prohibition use nedrīkst. The early Jums bija taisnība is a past state: you were right.

Siltāks, siltāka, siltāk

A comparative compares two things. Add -āk- to the adjective stem: silts → siltāks, masculine; silta → siltāka, feminine. Use nekā for than: jūra ir aukstāka nekā ezers. The adjective still agrees with its subject.

For an impersonal temperature comparison use the adverb aukstāk or siltāk: Hamburgā ir aukstāk nekā te. Vairāk and mazāk are more and less.

The complete seasons are pavasaris, vasara, rudens, ziema. In a season, use pavasarī, vasarā, rudenī, ziemā. A comparison between places does not need an English it pronoun.

Vissiltākā jaka

A superlative gives the highest degree. Use vis- with the definite comparative adjective: vissiltākais, masculine, vissiltākā, feminine. For a jacket say vissiltākā jaka.

A definite adjective identifies a particular thing: dzeltenā jaka, the yellow jacket, dzeltenais dīvāns, the yellow sofa. Common singular nominative endings are -ais masculine and -ā feminine; accusative is -o for both: dzelteno jaku, dzelteno dīvānu.

Pārāk maza means too small for a feminine jacket. Ask Vai drīkstu pielaikot? for permission. When something suits you, the person is dative: jaka man piestāv.

Protu, neprotu; jāguļ

Varēt expresses ability or opportunity: varu, vari, var, varam, varat, var. Follow it with the infinitive: varu nākt. Prast expresses a skill: protu, proti, prot, protam, protat, prot.

Negative forms are nevaru, nevari, nevar, nevaram, nevarat, nevar. For a question, put vai at the beginning: Vai varu ienākt? This is a permission request.

Drīkstēt means be allowed: drīkstu, drīksti, drīkst, drīkstam, drīkstat, drīkst. Its early permission formula Vai drīkstu ienākt? has already been learned whole. Es esmu drošs/droša means I am sure; the learner’s gender changes the describing word.

The skill paradigm is protu, proti, prot, protam, protat, prot. For an obligation with sleep use man jāguļ. For must not, man nedrīkst plus infinitive is a clear beginner phrase. Nevajag means there is no need, which differs from a prohibition.

Jo, kad, ja

Jo links a simple reason: Es palieku mājās, jo līst. Put a comma before the linked clause. Kad means when: Es ņemu lietussargu, kad līst.

Ja means if: Ja līst, es palieku mājās. A simple real condition can have an ordinary present or future verb; there is no need for a conditional verb form here.

The actual conditional uses -tu: gribētu, would like; varētu, could. These courtesy expressions can be used as explained chunks. Do not replace all future forms by the conditional.