Module 9Grammar reviewPremium
Latvian in everyday situations
Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.
Spēlēšu, būšu
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I will be at home. | ||
| I will be at home. | ||
| You will be at home, familiar. | ||
| You will be at home, familiar. | ||
| He will be at home. | ||
| He will be at home. | ||
| We will be at home. | ||
| We will be at home. | ||
| You will be at home, polite. | ||
| You will be at home, polite. | ||
| They will be at home. | ||
| They will be at home. | ||
| I will not be at home. | ||
| I will not be at home. | ||
| You will not be at home, polite. | ||
| You will not be at home, polite. | ||
The simple future uses -šu, -si, -s, -sim, -siet or -sit, and -s. With : . We use -siet consistently in this course.
For : . Add for negative future: . Common forms are , I will go; , I will come; , I will travel.
A present plus a future time can describe a firm plan: . Earlier is a travel chunk. The full future is productive from this module.
The future tense describes a planned or predicted later action.
Redzēju, dzirdēju
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I saw the cat. | ||
| I saw the cat. | ||
| You saw the cat, familiar. | ||
| You saw the cat, familiar. | ||
| He saw the cat. | ||
| He saw the cat. | ||
| We saw the cat. | ||
| We saw the cat. | ||
| You saw the cat, polite. | ||
| You saw the cat, polite. | ||
| They saw the cat. | ||
| They saw the cat. | ||
| I did not see the cat. | ||
| I did not see the cat. | ||
| You did not see the cat, polite. | ||
| You did not see the cat, polite. | ||
The simple past describes an earlier action. For : . The third person is again shared. Neither masculine nor feminine learners change these finite verb forms.
Regular long-stem verbs use -ju, -ji, -ja, -jām, -jāt, -ja: . Some first-person forms look like the present, so a time word or context matters.
Common shorter verbs must be learned with their past stem: iet → gāju, nākt → nācu, ņemt → ņēmu, ēst → ēdu, dzert → dzēru, atrast → atradu. Negation simply adds . Questions still use . Earlier and were explained whole expressions, not a productive past paradigm.
Gāju, nācu, atradu
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I went home. | ||
| I went home. | ||
| You went home, familiar. | ||
| You went home, familiar. | ||
| He went home. | ||
| He went home. | ||
| We went home. | ||
| We went home. | ||
| You went home, polite. | ||
| You went home, polite. | ||
| They went home. | ||
| They went home. | ||
| · | · | I was tired. |
| I was tired. | ||
| · | · | You were tired, polite. |
| You were tired, polite. | ||
The simple past describes an earlier action. For : . The third person is again shared. Neither masculine nor feminine learners change these finite verb forms.
Regular long-stem verbs use -ju, -ji, -ja, -jām, -jāt, -ja: . Some first-person forms look like the present, so a time word or context matters.
Common shorter verbs must be learned with their past stem: iet → gāju, nākt → nācu, ņemt → ņēmu, ēst → ēdu, dzert → dzēru, atrast → atradu. Negation simply adds . Questions still use . Earlier and were explained whole expressions, not a productive past paradigm.
Tell a sequence with , first, , then, , after that. Past sound-change forms are normal vocabulary paradigms: , I saw; , I heard; , I found.
For , all persons are . Gender changes only an added adjective such as .
Gulēju, negulēju
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I was sleeping. | ||
| I was sleeping. | ||
| You were sleeping, familiar. | ||
| You were sleeping, familiar. | ||
| She was sleeping. | ||
| She was sleeping. | ||
| We were sleeping. | ||
| We were sleeping. | ||
| You were sleeping, polite. | ||
| You were sleeping, polite. | ||
| They were sleeping. | ||
| They were sleeping. | ||
| I was not sleeping. | ||
| I was not sleeping. | ||
| You were not sleeping, polite. | ||
| You were not sleeping, polite. | ||
Latvian simple past can express a completed action or a background activity. can mean I slept or I was sleeping. There is no separate imperfect form needed for this story.
The full past of is . Negative forms add . Compare the action , I closed my eyes.
For an earlier state use with a describing word. means is right; means is not true or is not right. Keep a correction simple.
Nosūtīju Annai
| Form | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I sent a postcard. | ||
| I sent a postcard. | ||
| You sent a postcard, familiar. | ||
| You sent a postcard, familiar. | ||
| He sent a postcard. | ||
| He sent a postcard. | ||
| We sent a postcard. | ||
| We sent a postcard. | ||
| You sent a postcard, polite. | ||
| You sent a postcard, polite. | ||
| They sent a postcard. | ||
| They sent a postcard. | ||
| · | · | I was hungry. |
| I was hungry. | ||
| · | · | You were hungry, polite. |
| You were hungry, polite. | ||
A short postcard begins and can finish . Dear agrees with Anna; the closing possessive agrees with the learner who signs.
The recipient is dative: . The message is an accusative object: . Full sending past forms are .
Write past events in short sentences and a future plan for the stamp: . At the post office, is enough.
Practice 1/6 · Finding words
Find the module patterns
Tap the form taught in this module.
As Lukas
.
I was tired.
As Lena
.
I was tired.
.
I will be at home.
.
I saw the cat.
.
I went home.
.
I was sleeping.
.
I sent a postcard.
.
You will be at home, familiar.
.
You saw the cat, familiar.
Practice 2/6 · The right form
Choose the form 1
Choose the right word for the gap.
As Lukas
Es biju .
I was tired.
As Lena
Es biju .
I was tired.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Es kaķi.
I saw the cat.
Es mājās.
I went home.
Es .
I was sleeping.
Es pastkarti.
I sent a postcard.
Tu mājās.
You will be at home, familiar.
Tu kaķi.
You saw the cat, familiar.
Choose the form 2
Choose the right word for the gap.
Tu mājās.
You went home, familiar.
Tu .
You were sleeping, familiar.
Tu pastkarti.
You sent a postcard, familiar.
Viņš mājās.
He will be at home.
Viņš kaķi.
He saw the cat.
Viņš mājās.
He went home.
Viņa .
She was sleeping.
Viņš pastkarti.
He sent a postcard.
Choose the form 3
Choose the right word for the gap.
Mēs mājās.
We will be at home.
Mēs kaķi.
We saw the cat.
Mēs mājās.
We went home.
Mēs .
We were sleeping.
Mēs pastkarti.
We sent a postcard.
Jūs mājās.
You will be at home, polite.
Practice 3/6 · Fill the gaps
Complete the messages
Fill the gaps with the words from the box.
As Lukas
Es biju .
I was tired.
As Lena
Es biju .
I was tired.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Es kaķi.
I saw the cat.
Es kaķi.
I saw the cat.
Es mājās.
I went home.
Es mājās.
I went home.
Es .
I was sleeping.
Es .
I was sleeping.
Es pastkarti.
I sent a postcard.
Es pastkarti.
I sent a postcard.
Tu mājās.
You will be at home, familiar.
Tu mājās.
You will be at home, familiar.
Tu kaķi.
You saw the cat, familiar.
Tu kaķi.
You saw the cat, familiar.
Tu mājās.
You went home, familiar.
Tu mājās.
You went home, familiar.
Tu .
You were sleeping, familiar.
Tu .
You were sleeping, familiar.
Practice 4/6 · Building sentences
Put the messages together
Put the words in order.
Too hard? Listen to the sentence first.
You sent a postcard, familiar.
He will be at home.
He saw the cat.
He went home.
Now: She was sleeping.
He sent a postcard.
We will be at home.
We saw the cat.
We went home.
Now: We were sleeping.
Practice 5/6 · In situations
Use the patterns
Choose the right words for the situation.
As Lukas
I was tired.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
As Lena
I was tired.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I will be at home.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I will be at home.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I saw the cat.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I saw the cat.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I went home.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I went home.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I was sleeping.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I was sleeping.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I sent a postcard.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
I sent a postcard.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
You will be at home, familiar.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
You will be at home, familiar.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
You saw the cat, familiar.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
You saw the cat, familiar.
You say:
Use the form and meaning explained in this module.
Practice 6/6 · Fill the gaps
One more mixed message set
Fill the gaps with the words from the box.
Mēs pastkarti.
We sent a postcard.
Mēs pastkarti.
We sent a postcard.
Jūs mājās.
You will be at home, polite.
Jūs mājās.
You will be at home, polite.
As Lukas
Es biju .
I was tired.
As Lena
Es biju .
I was tired.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Es mājās.
I will be at home.
Unit complete
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