Module 1Grammar reviewPremium
Module 1 grammar on one page
Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.
Masculine and feminine
Every noun is masculine or feminine. Common masculine endings are -as, -is, -ys, -us; common feminine endings are -a, -ė. Some nouns in -is are feminine. People come in pairs, and adjectives take the gender of their noun.
| Masculine | Feminine | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| neighbour | ||
| neighbour | ||
| friend | ||
| friend | ||
| musician | ||
| musician | ||
| boss, owner | ||
| boss, owner | ||
| tomcat · cat | ||
| tomcat · cat | ||
| grandfather · grandmother | ||
| grandfather · grandmother | ||
| · · | · · | new · good · hungry |
| new · good · hungry | ||
Micius – geras katinas.Micius is a good tomcat.
Rūtos kavinė – labai gera.Rūta's café is very good.
būti, to be
Verbs change their ending for the person: 1st person (I, we), 2nd person (you), 3rd person (he, she, it, they), each in the singular and the plural. in front makes it negative, written as one word; becomes .
| Person | With | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | |||
| I am · I am not | |||
| I am · I am not | |||
| you are · you are not | |||
| you are · you are not | |||
| · | he, she, it is · is not | ||
| he, she, it is · is not | |||
| Plural | |||
| we are · we are not | |||
| we are · we are not | |||
| you are · you are not | |||
| you are · you are not | |||
| · | they are · they are not | ||
| they are · they are not | |||
In speech is often left out: I'm Ona. This is my house.
Jūs esate naujas kaimynas.You are the new neighbour.
Jūs esate nauja kaimynė.You are the new neighbour.
Jis nėra blogas.He isn't bad.
Mes esame kaimynai.We are neighbours.
tu or jūs?
Both mean you. is for a friend, a child, your family or an animal. is for an adult you don't know well and for older people, and it is also the plural: to several people you always say . The verb and the possessive change with it.
| To whom | a friend, a child, family, an animal | an adult you don't know well, older people, several people |
| You are | ||
| You know | ||
| Your |
Ar tu alkana, Elze?Are you hungry, Elzė? (to a child)
Ar tu alkana, Elze?Are you hungry, Elzė? (to a child)
Ponia Ona! Ar jūs žinote, kur mano raktas?Mrs Ona! Do you know where my key is? (to an older lady)
Ponia Ona! Ar jūs žinote, kur mano raktas?Mrs Ona! Do you know where my key is? (to an older lady)
Whose? The possessives
Possessives never change their ending, whatever the noun, one or more: , , .
| Person | Possessive | Examples | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| · | my key · my keys | ||
| my key · my keys | |||
| · | your neighbour · your neighbours | ||
| your neighbour · your neighbours | |||
| · | · | · | his key · her keys |
| his key · her keys | |||
| · | our house · our neighbours | ||
| our house · our neighbours | |||
| · | your name · your keys | ||
| your name · your keys | |||
| · | · | their neighbour · their neighbours | |
| their neighbour · their neighbours | |||
Four cases of a noun
A noun changes its ending for its job in the sentence: these forms are the cases. Module 1 has four: the nominative (the basic form), the accusative (the object), the locative (the place) and the vocative (calling someone).
| Case | Question | -as | -a | -ė |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||||
| Accusative | ||||
| Locative | ||||
| Vocative | · | |||
| Meaning | house | tea | café |
asks who or what, whom or what, where. You mostly call people, so the vocative row shows names: names in -as take -ai (), other nouns in -as take -e ().
| Case | -is | -ys (plural only) |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ||
| Accusative | ||
| Vocative | – | |
| Meaning | grandfather | juice |
has no singular, like jeans in English: Here's the juice. Juice, please!
Kavą, prašau.Coffee, please. (accusative)
Kavą, prašau.Coffee, please. (accusative)
Rūta yra kavinėje.Rūta is in the café. (locative)
Miciau! Ne!Micius! No! (vocative)
The present tense, singular
The infinitive (the dictionary form) ends in -ti. In the present tense there are three types of verb, named after the ending of the 3rd person singular (he, she, it): -a, -i, -o. That form is also the 3rd person plural (they).
| Infinitive | · · · | Meaning | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -a verbs | ||||
| to play | ||||
| to play | ||||
| -i verbs | ||||
| to have | ||||
| to have | ||||
| -o verbs | ||||
| to know | ||||
| to know | ||||
(I want) and (I can) take a second verb in the infinitive: , I want to sleep · Could you play tomorrow?
Questions
in front of a sentence makes a yes-or-no question. Other questions start with a question word.
| Word | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| (yes or no?) · Are you the new neighbour? | ||
| (yes or no?) · Are you the new neighbour? | ||
| who? what? · Who's this? | ||
| who? what? · Who's this? | ||
| what? whom? · What does Micius take? | ||
| what? whom? · What does Micius take? | ||
| where? · Where's the café? | ||
| where? · Where's the café? | ||
| where from? how? · How do you know? | ||
| where from? how? · How do you know? | ||
| how? · How are you? | ||
| how? · How are you? | ||
Saying no
means no and not. Before a verb it is written together with it; becomes . Before a noun negated on its own it stays separate.
| Yes | No | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| I am · I am not | ||
| I am · I am not | ||
| is · is not | ||
| is · is not | ||
| I know · I don't know | ||
| I know · I don't know | ||
| I sleep · I don't sleep | ||
| I sleep · I don't sleep | ||
| Jonas · not Jonas | ||
| Jonas · not Jonas | ||
Raktas? Aš nežinau.Your key? I don't know.
Ne, ne Jonas. Ir ne Rūta.No, not Jonas. And not Rūta.
Practice 1/8 · The right form
A bit of everything
Choose the right word for the gap.
As Lukas
Ar jūs naujas kaimynas?
Are you the new neighbour?
As Lena
Ar jūs nauja kaimynė?
Are you the new neighbour?
Labanakt, !
Good night, Jonas!
Labanakt, !
Good night, Jonas!
Tu turi mano !
You have my key!
Tu turi mano !
You have my key!
Micius miega .
Micius is asleep in the living room.
Aš apačioje.
I live downstairs.
Aš apačioje.
I live downstairs.
Elzė eiti į kavinę.
Elzė wants to go to the café.
Čia labai kavinė.
This is a very good café.
Ona turi .
Ona has a house.
As Lukas
Ne, aš alkanas.
No, I'm not hungry.
As Lena
Ne, aš alkana.
No, I'm not hungry.
Micius mano katinas.
Micius isn't my cat.
Practice 2/8 · Finding words
Find the words
Tap the verbs in the 3rd person singular (he, she, it).
, .
Ona knows everything, and Jonas plays at night.
.
Micius takes the key and goes to the café.
.
Elzė is here every day.
.
Elzė has a grandfather and a grandmother.
Practice 3/8 · The right form
Verbs and no
Choose the right word for the gap.
Miciau, tu blogas.
Micius, you aren't bad.
Mes nauji kaimynai.
We aren't new neighbours.
As Lukas
Jūs alkanas?
You're not hungry?
As Lena
Jūs alkana?
You're not hungry?
Jonai, tu naktį!
Jonas, you play at night!
Viršuje trimitas.
Upstairs, a trumpet is playing.
Aš raktą.
I have the key.
Aš raktą.
I have the key.
Taip, aš .
Yes, I know.
Taip, aš .
Yes, I know.
Ona viską .
Ona knows everything.
Raktas? Aš .
The key? I don't know.
Jonas groja, o aš .
Jonas is playing, and I'm not sleeping.
Jonas groja, o aš .
Jonas is playing, and I'm not sleeping.
Practice 4/8 · Questions
Which answer is right?
Answer the questions.
Kas yra Ona ir Jonas?
Who are Ona and Jonas?
Kas yra Micius ir Elzė?
Who are Micius and Elzė?
Kas čia šeimininkas?
Who's the boss here?
Kas čia, Elze?
Who's this, Elzė?
Ką jūs norite?
What would you like?
Kur jūsų raktas?
Where's your key?
Kas čia?
What's this?
Ar Elzė alkana?
Is Elzė hungry?
Kur mano raktai?
Where are my keys?
Kas yra Ona ir Rūta?
Who are Ona and Rūta?
Practice 5/8 · Fill the gaps
Elzė's day
Fill the gaps with the words from the box.
Ryte Elzė į kavinę.
In the morning Elzė goes to the café.
Ji paima ir .
She takes cake and juice.
Vakare Micius .
In the evening Micius sleeps in the living room.
As Lukas
Ačiū, aš alkanas.
Thanks, I'm not hungry.
As Lena
Ačiū, aš alkana.
Thanks, I'm not hungry.
Micius – mano , o Elzė – mano .
Micius is my friend, and Elzė is my friend too.
Raktas? Aš . Gal Micius .
The key? I don't know. Maybe Micius knows.
Jonas , o aš .
Jonas is playing, and I'm not sleeping.
Jonas , o aš .
Jonas is playing, and I'm not sleeping.
, tu labai gerai!
Jonas, you play very well!
, tu labai gerai!
Jonas, you play very well!
Mano ir aš alkani.
My grandfather and I aren't hungry.
As Lukas
Jūs alkanas? O pyragas?
You're not hungry? What about the cake?
As Lena
Jūs alkana? O pyragas?
You're not hungry? What about the cake?
Practice 6/8 · Building sentences
Put the words in order
Put the words in order.
As Lukas
I'm the new neighbour.
As Lena
I'm the new neighbour.
Can you play tomorrow?
Can you play tomorrow?
My grandmother knows everything.
Where does Rūta live?
Where does Rūta live?
Micius isn't a bad tomcat.
You aren't bad, Micius.
Here are your keys, your tea and your juice.
Ona and Rūta are my neighbours.
Ona and Rūta are my neighbours.
I'm the boss here, not Micius!
Micius is asleep in the house, and Rūta is in the café.
Practice 7/8 · In situations
The right words
Choose the right words for the situation.
Ask Elzė, who is nine, if she is hungry.
You say:
Elzė is a child, so tu; and a girl, so alkana.
Ask Elzė, who is nine, if she is hungry.
You say:
Elzė is a child, so tu; and a girl, so alkana.
Ask Ona, an old lady you don't know well, if she knows everything.
You say:
Ask Ona, an old lady you don't know well, if she knows everything.
You say:
As Lukas
Elzė asks if you're hungry. You aren't.
You say:
As Lena
Elzė asks if you're hungry. You aren't.
You say:
The cat is sitting on your cake. Call him.
You say:
The cat is sitting on your cake. Call him.
You say:
Rūta asks: coffee or tea? You'd like tea.
You say:
Rūta asks: coffee or tea? You'd like tea.
You say:
Tell Elzė that you have a grandfather too.
You say:
Tell Elzė that you have a grandfather too.
You say:
Elzė asks if you know that Jonas plays at night. You do.
You say:
Elzė asks if you know that Jonas plays at night. You do.
You say:
Your key has fallen into your tea. Tell Rūta where it is.
You say:
Your key has fallen into your tea. Tell Rūta where it is.
You say:
Rūta tells you who the real boss of number 7 is.
Rūta says:
Tell Elzė that Ona has a house.
You say:
Tell Elzė that Ona has a house.
You say:
Practice 8/8 · Matching
Question and answer
Match each question to its answer.
Unit complete
