A first reading return

k. Plain k, with little puff, like k after s in sky.. Traditional letter name: ก ไก่. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

m. Traditional letter name: ม ม้า. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

aa. A long open a; it sits after the consonant.

t. Plain t, with little puff of air.. Traditional letter name: ต เต่า. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

n. Traditional letter name: น หนู. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ch / tɕ. A plain joined ch sound, little puff.. Traditional letter name: จ จาน. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

d. Traditional letter name: ด เด็ก. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

b. Traditional letter name: บ ใบไม้. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

p. Plain p, little puff.. Traditional letter name: ป ปลา. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

vowel carrier / ʔ. Carries an initial vowel; can also be part of a vowel spelling.. Traditional letter name: อ อ่าง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

i. Short i, above the consonant.

ii. Long i, above the consonant.

u. Short u, below the consonant.

uu. Long uu, below the consonant.

a, short open syllable. Written after the consonant; an open short vowel ends with a throat closure.

a, before a final consonant. Above the consonant, used for short a in closed syllables.

ee, in เ–. Written before the consonant, spoken after it.

aeae, in แ–. Long open vowel like a broad a in cat.

oo, in โ–. Long o.

w. A w sound; it can also close a syllable as a glide.. Traditional letter name: ว แหวน. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ai, in ไ–. Sounds like eye.

ai, in ใ–. Same vowel sound as ไ; spelling must be learned with the word.

am. A vowel plus final m; typed after the consonant.

ao. The two vowel pieces surround the initial consonant.

kh. k with a puff.. Traditional letter name: ข ไข่. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

chh / tɕʰ. Airy joined ch sound.. Traditional letter name: ฉ ฉิ่ง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

th. t with a puff, never English th.. Traditional letter name: ถ ถุง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ph. p with a puff, never f.. Traditional letter name: ผ ผึ้ง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

f. Traditional letter name: ฝ ฝา. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

s. Traditional letter name: ส เสือ. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

h. Traditional letter name: ห หีบ. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

kh. Traditional letter name: ค ควาย. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

chh / tɕʰ. Traditional letter name: ช ช้าง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

th. Traditional letter name: ท ทหาร. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ph. Traditional letter name: พ พาน. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

f. Traditional letter name: ฟ ฟัน. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

s. Traditional letter name: ซ โซ่. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

h. Traditional letter name: ฮ นกฮูก. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ng. As at the end of sing; Thai also allows it at the start.. Traditional letter name: ง งู. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

y. Traditional letter name: ย ยักษ์. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

r. A tap or trill; often l in casual speech.. Traditional letter name: ร เรือ. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

l. Traditional letter name: ล ลิง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ue / ɯ. Short high vowel: say oo with unrounded lips.

uue / ɯː, in –ือ. Long unrounded vowel; open syllables include อ.

aw-aw / ɔː. Long open o; อ is part of the vowel here.

oe / ɤ, short. A short central vowel, unrounded.

oe-oe / ɤː. The long central vowel.

shortener. Makes certain vowel patterns short; it is not a tone mark.

ia, long. A long diphthong; look at both sides of the initial.

ia, short. The short partner ends with ะ.

uea, long. A long diphthong starting with the unrounded vowel.

uea, short. The short partner.

ua, long. Long ua; before a final the ั drops: –ว–.

ua, short. The short partner.

mai tho: tone instruction. This mark helps determine tone. In น้ำ the complete word has high tone; the class-dependent rule comes later.

mai ek: class-dependent tone. Mid/high → low; low class → falling.

mai tri: high tone. Normally with mid-class initials.

mai chattawa: rising tone. Normally with mid-class initials.

cancellation mark. Marks silent letters; sometimes a group is silent.

phinthu. A dot below, chiefly in Pali/Sanskrit or pronunciation guides; uncommon in everyday Thai.

d. Same initial sound as ด.. Traditional letter name: ฎ ชฎา. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

t. Same initial sound as ต.. Traditional letter name: ฏ ปฏัก. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

th. Traditional letter name: ฐ ฐาน. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

s. Traditional letter name: ศ ศาลา. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

s. Traditional letter name: ษ ฤๅษี. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

kh. Obsolete in ordinary modern spelling; recognise only.. Traditional letter name: ฃ ขวด. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

kh. Traditional letter name: ฆ ระฆัง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

chh / tɕʰ. Traditional letter name: ฌ เฌอ. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

y. Final sound is n.. Traditional letter name: ญ หญิง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

th, sometimes d. Word-dependent: check the pronunciation.. Traditional letter name: ฑ มณโฑ. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

kh. Obsolete in ordinary modern spelling; recognise only.. Traditional letter name: ฅ คน. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

th. Traditional letter name: ฒ ผู้เฒ่า. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

n. Traditional letter name: ณ เณร. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

th. Traditional letter name: ธ ธง. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

ph. Traditional letter name: ภ สำเภา. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

l. Traditional letter name: ฬ จุฬา. The consonant clip uses the ɔː helper vowel; it is not a neutral tone model.

repeat the previous word or phrase. In ช้าๆ, repeat ช้า: cháa cháa.

abbreviation sign. Used after shortened names; ฯลฯ means etc.

baht currency symbol

rue / ri / roe, word-dependent. Traditional vowel letter found in some learned words.

long ruue. Rare traditional long vowel.

lue, obsolete / rare. Recognition only.

long luue, obsolete / rare. Recognition only.