Turkish in everyday situations · Grammar review

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Turkish in everyday situations

Reviews practise both sides: wherever Lukas and Lena would say something differently, you do it once as each.

Saat dokuz; dokuzda

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FormExampleMeaning
It is nine o’clock.
Work starts at nine.
It is half past six.
It is five to nine.
It is five past nine.
It is a quarter to nine.
Work starts at five.
We work from nine until half past five.

For a clock time say . For at nine use . Whole hours use the location ending with sound harmony: .

For a half hour say . For minutes past, learn , five past nine; for minutes to, , five to nine. means a quarter to nine. These are fixed telling-time patterns.

A period uses -dan and -a kadar: , from nine until half past five. and are explained as work-hour chunks before the case lesson.

Her gün; gelirim

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FormExampleMeaning
I come every day.
You come every day, familiar.
She comes every day.
We come every day.
You come every day, polite.
They come every day.
I never come.
You never come, polite.

With a time phrase the -iyor form can describe a routine: . Frequency words are , always; , usually; , often; , sometimes; with a negative verb, never.

A second common present pattern is the aorist, useful for general habits. gives . Many one-syllable verbs use -ar or -er: . Many longer stems use -ır, -ir, -ur, -ür: . Learn the vowel with each verb.

After a vowel use : . Common one-syllable verbs such as use -ir or -ır. The negative is . An adverb tells when or how an action happens.

Kalkıyorum, okuyorum

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FormExampleMeaning
I get up.
You get up, familiar.
He gets up.
We get up.
You get up, polite.
They get up.
I read a book.
I like reading.

The infinitive is the dictionary form ending in -mak or -mek. Remove it to find the verb stem: gelmek → gel. The present tense ending -iyor describes what happens now and also routines with a time phrase.

The six persons are . The vowel before harmonises: . An ending may make the subject pronoun unnecessary.

For negation, put -mı, -mi, -mu, -mü before : . Before -yor, final or narrows: çalmak → çalıyor, beklemek → bekliyor. Early polite requests such as are whole expressions until module five.

Before -iyor, remove a final vowel and choose the harmonic vowel: okumak → okuyor, yıkamak → yıkıyor. gives and gives .

For liking an action, use -mayı or -meyi with : , I like reading; , I like sleeping. This is an action noun as the specific object.

Onu, anahtarını

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FormExampleMeaning
Tekir sees me.
Tekir sees you, familiar.
Tekir sees her.
Tekir sees us.
Tekir sees you, polite.
Tekir sees them.
I take his key.
He takes my key.

The definite object pronouns are . These mean me, you, him or her, us, you, them as objects. Use , I see him or her.

A third-person possessed noun needs a buffer before a case ending: anahtarı → anahtarını, his key as an object; odası → odasında, in her room. First-person ownership does not need that buffer: .

For position, use , behind the computer; , in front of the printer. Keep the owner plus location expression together.

Gel, gelin, gelelim

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FormExampleMeaning
Come, Elif!
Come, Ayşe Hanım, polite!
Let him come here.
Let them come here.
Let us come here.
Do not come, Tekir!
Do not come, polite, please.
Let us not come.

An imperative is a request or instruction. For familiar you use the stem: . Polite or plural you adds -ın, -in, -un, -ün with after a vowel: . Optional -ız adds formality: .

For let him or her do it use -sın: . For let them do it use -sınlar: . There is no first-person singular imperative. For let us use -alım or -elim: .

Negative commands insert -ma or -me: . Add for please. The recipe asks for the address stated in English.

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